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Pipes and Redirection
4.1The Unix Philosophy: Small Tools, Big ResultsPipes (|) connect the output of one command to the input of another. Redirection (>, >>, <) connects commands to files. Together, they let…4.2PipesThe pipe operator | takes the standard output (stdout) of the left command and passes it as standard input (stdin) to the right command.4.3RedirectionRedirection connects command input and output to files instead of the terminal.4.4Essential Pipe CommandsThese commands are most useful when combined with pipes:4.5Practical QA Pipe Chains4.6Process SubstitutionProcess substitution lets you use a command's output as if it were a file:4.7Hands-On Exercise1. Use a pipe chain to find the 5 most common words in a text file 2. Redirect both stdout and stderr of a test run to separate files 3…