2.2Reading Permission Strings

ls -la tests/
# -rw-r--r--  1 qa  dev  4096 Jan 15 10:00 login.spec.ts
# drwxr-xr-x  2 qa  dev  4096 Jan 15 10:00 fixtures/

The permission string -rw-r--r-- breaks down as:

Position	Meaning	Example
1	File type (- = file, d = directory, l = symlink)	-
2-4	Owner permissions (read/write/execute)	rw- (read + write, no execute)
5-7	Group permissions	r-- (read only)
8-10	Others permissions	r-- (read only)

Permission Values

Symbol	Meaning	Numeric Value
r	Read	4
w	Write	2
x	Execute	1
-	No permission	0

Numeric permissions are the sum of the values. For example:

• rwx = 4 + 2 + 1 = 7 (full access)
• rw- = 4 + 2 + 0 = 6 (read + write)
• r-- = 4 + 0 + 0 = 4 (read only)
• r-x = 4 + 0 + 1 = 5 (read + execute)